Public Policy Process in Pakistan: Key causes of Public Policies Failures

The public policy help to address public issues to the government. Since the establishment of Pakistan, the reigning governments has failed to adopt a viable mechanism for formulation and implementation of public policies.  According to the constitution, the executive branch of the government is responsible for developing the public policy altogether with federal, provincial and local governments. Currently, after the 18th Amendment, this responsibility has been transferred to the provincial government and it further can delegate authority, powers and resource to the local governments. Every elected government has a manifesto that public the public relies on for voting. The elected governments are responsible for developing viable policies to address the public issues. But is case of Pakistan, politically elected government had always served their own interests rather than public issues. The 65 years history of Pakistan has presented very dismal situation in respect of formulation and implementation of policies. The research paper has investigated vast literature on successive government policies, and it has identified the major causes of policy failures i.e, massive corruption, insufficient financial allocations, untrained human resource, lack of vision, poor monitoring system, poor policy evaluations and centralized approach in policy implementation. The paper has identified reasons coupled with weak institutional structures and frequent political interventions due to which current policies failed to provide productive results as was desired in the policy goals.Keywords. Public policy, Government Structure, Democracy, Political Leadership.JEL. D73, H10, H75

AN ENHANCED WAVELET BASED METHOD FOR NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF HIGH ORDER BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS

The Legendre wavelet collocation method (LWCM) is suggested in this study for solving high-order boundary value problems numerically. Eighth, tenth, and twelfth-order examples are used as test problems to ensure that the technique is efficient and accurate. In comparison to other approaches, the numerical results obtained using LWCM demonstrate that the method's accuracy is very good. The results indicate that the method requires less computational effort to achieve better results

National Disaster Management Authority in Pakistan: Role of Pakistan Army in Disaster Management

Pakistan army as a institution has been playing various role in the development of the country. The history shows that army has played a very significant role in coping up the emergencies facing the nation. Government often turn to military, when there is a natural or man induced disaster in Pakistan. The Armed forces obviously need to be involved in humanitarian emergencies and disaster management operations. The Pakistan army plays a vital role in the disaster management in history of Pakistan. Pakistan army is full equipped with organized management to assist the government in the emergencies in medical services, rescue operation and support activities. Army has well trained personnel with professional skills to provide assistance in the emergency situation facing the country in collaboration with National Disaster Management Authority. Moreover, as an army organization, it has an enormous to serve as an additional instrument for effective delivery of emergency assistance. The objective of this research paper is to describe the role of the army institution in providing a coordinated and prompt response to any disaster situation a country is facing. The paper examines the types of disasters, a country is facing and highlights the role of Pakistan army in coping the types of disasters that may be natural disasters or man-made disaster. The research paper a covers following areas in details, Hazards profile of Pakistan, Disaster management system in Pakistan and role of Pakistan Army in disaster Management and concluded with the Recommendations. In the end, the paper provides recommendations for building up an effective coordination between the related agencies in coping with the disasters.

Local Government System in Pakistan: Causes of bad Governance of Local Government System

The local government is one of the vital organs of the state through which programs of development are formulated and implemented for the community. The democratically elected members at the local government level represented the community and advocate the interests of the community in the social and economic development of the area. The research paper has thoroughly described the existing local government system of Pakistan and also has investigated the critical causes of bad governance in the local government system of Pakistan that hinders the social and economic development of the country. This is a qualitative study; the researcher reviewed and synthesized all the available information gathered from the various sources related to the local government governance in Pakistan. The researcher in this research paper used secondary source of information and observations. Since the introduction of parliamentary form of democratic system in Pakistan, the country has gone through number of modifications and amendments in the local government system but due to the instability in the democratic system, the political governments had failed to deliver good public services at the local government levels. The study has identified major causes i.e Political, Social, Administrative and mismanagement of resources and rampant corruption, which have severely paralyzed the governance system at local government level of Pakistan.Keywords. Governance, Local government, District government, Community empowerment.JEL. D73, H10, H75

A mesh-free method for the numerical solution of the KdV–Burgers equation

AbstractThis paper formulates a simple classical radial basis functions (RBFs) collocation (Kansa) method for the numerical solution of the nonlinear dispersive and dissipative KdV–Burgers’ (KdVB) equation. The computed results show implementation of the method to nonlinear partial differential equations. This method has an edge over traditional methods such as finite-difference and finite element methods because it does not require a mesh to discretize the problem domain, and a set of scattered nodes in the domain of influence provided by initial data is required for the realization of the method. Accuracy of the method is assessed in terms of error norms L2,L∞, number of nodes in the domain of influence, parameter dependent RBFs and time step length. Numerical experiments demonstrate accuracy and robustness of the method for solving nonlinear dispersive and dissipative problems

Counter electrode materials based on carbon nanotubes for dye-sensitized solar cells

Efficiency, stability, and cost-effectiveness are the prime challenges in research of materials for solar cells. Technologically as well as scientifically, attention gained by dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) stems from their low material and fabrication costs as well as high efficiency projections. The aim of this study is to explore the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) based counter electrode (CE) materials for DSSCs and to reconnoiter the suitable alternative materials in place of noble metals such as Platinum (Pt), and Gold (Au).. Various classes of CE materials based on CNTs including pure single walled, double walled, and multiwalled CNTs, doped CNTs and their hybrid composites with various polymers, and transition metal compounds are discussed comprehensively in light of the research work started since the inspection of DSSCs and CNTs.The properties associated with such materials, including surface morphology, structural determination, thermal stability, and electrochemical activity, are also thoroughly analyzed and compared. This work provides a thorough insight into the possibility of exploiting CNTs as alternative CE materials. In addition to the above, this study also includes the working and brief overview of materials for other components of DSSCs such as photoanode, electrolyte, and sensitizer.

Green Synthesis of Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles using Populus ciliata Leaves Extract and their Potential Antibacterial Applications

Green synthesis of nanoparticles has received a lot of attention from scientists globally because it is eco-friendly, relatively rapid, and a cost-effective  method. This work presents a method for the green synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO-NPs) using leaf extracts of Populus ciliata as a reducing  and stabilising agent. The synthesised NiO-NPs were characterised by ultravioletvisible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder  X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the synthesised NiO-NPs shapes varied, were  highly crystalline, and had a face-centred cubic geometry. The calculated crystallite size of the synthesised nanoparticles was 44 nm. Moreover, the  antibacterial activity of the synthesised NiO-NPs was also conducted against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis) and Gram-  negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae). Bacillus subtillus showed a maximum inhibition zone of 28.1±1.6 mm, whereas Klebsiella  pneumonia showed a minimum inhibition zone of 9.2±0.5 mm. It was also found that the antibacterial activity increased with an increase in the  concentration of NiO-NPs

Managing megacities: a case study of metroplitan regional governance for Dhaka

Megacities of over 10 million population are a phenomenon not seen before in human history. Among 19 Megacities, 14 are in developing countries and 11 are in Asia. Dhaka represents one of the most extreme examples of rapid Megacity growth having a mere 129,000 at the start of the 20th century, 417,000 by 1950 and more than 12 million in 2001. How can a city be governed that has increased 30 times in size over a person?s lifetime? This thesis makes a case for integrated Metropolitan Regional Governance (MRG) of the Extended Metropolitan Region of Dhaka. The growing problems of Asian Megacities in general and Dhaka in particular are outlined, showing how governance has developed in a sectoral and national way rather than being place oriented. This has fractured and become totally inadequate as a means of solving the deep environmental, social and economic problems of the Megacity. The governance issues of Megacities are traced to the primary problem of the need for integrative functions in strategic and statutory planning as well as development facilitation of the Extended Metropolitan Region (EMR). Ten core principles of Metropolitan Regional Governance are established. Without this, the Megacity's functions of infrastructure, investment, housing, environmental management, employment etc. are not coordinated or prioritised in ways that lead to 'common good' sustainability outcomes. The ten principles are applied to four Asian Megacities - Metro-Manila, Tokyo, Bangkok and Jakarta - to confirm their relevance and application before applying them to Dhaka. The problems of Dhaka are outlined then an analysis of Dhaka governance options is attempted based on the ten core principles of MRG. Four possibilities are analysed and a way forward is suggested combining the options. The proposed structure will build on the present system with greater responsibilities for strategic planning, statutory planning and development facilitation. It will also build up municipalities through a more transparent and engaged local planning process and create partnerships for infrastructure development. The proposed governance structure would use the dynamism of the Megacity to create sustainable solutions and hope for the future of the city. The key to implementation will be finding the political solution to make such painful change, and training professionals in the broad integrative skills of urban sustainability and community engagement that are required for the region as well as the participation and partnership skills at local level

Mathematical models of defects in discrete lattice structures

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